Table 5 Indications for leech therapy in humans and animals

Cardiovascular System

Cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, myocardial infarction, stroke

[168, 175]

Circulatory System

Venous congestion, thrombosis, phlebitis, varicose veins, thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease)

[173]

Polycythaemia Vera, haematoma

[176, 177]

Digestive System

Gastric ulcers, cholecystitis, hepatitis

[178]

Endocrine System

Diabetes mellitus and its complications

[179]

Diabetes mellitus

[180]

Excretory System

Urologic trauma, urethral stricture

[181]

Integumentary System

Cutaneous Leishmaniosis, scabies, eczema, cellulite, atopic dermatitis

[182,183,184]

Eczema

[185]

Musculoskeletal System

Osteoarthritis, sialadenosis, paradontitis, oroantral fistula

[168, 186]

Laminitis, Arthritis

[187]

Nervous system

Myasthenia gravis, meningococcal purpura fulminans

[168, 188]

Diseases of spine

[185]

Reproductive System

Fibromastopathy, endometriosis, mastitis, prostate cancer

[182]

Endometritis, Penile haematoma, Testicular reperfusion

[189,190,191]

Respiratory System

Acute rhinopharyngitis, Asthma

[192]

Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy

[193]